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Published on: May 6, 2008
In September we will become happy parents. What we are wondering is if there is any prayer we can perform for the newborn.
Thank you for contacting us. There are several general prayers that can be used in connection with childbirth. Here are some examples: “Rabbi hab li milla dunka dhurriyyatan tayyibatan innaka sami ud-dua”. Translation: “My Lord, grant me a pure offspring! You are the Hearer of prayer.” (Quran, 3:38)
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: January 26, 2009
I had a question about zamzam. Some say that you should give zamzam to newborns. Is that true? I understand that it is okay to give zamzam until the child is a few weeks old. But should you give it the day the child is born, I am very unsure? From what I have read, it is important that a newborn only gets milk from the mother, especially at the beginning, if the child gets anything else it can in a way ruin breastfeeding. It can cause the child to lose the desire for breast milk. I am a little confused, you hear so many stories that you should do this and that. If you can answer whether it is something healthy or not, that would be great.
It’s just nice that you ask. It’s important to ask about things in Islam that you’re unsure about.
The Quran is in Arabic because it was revealed in Arabic, which was the language of the Prophet (peace be upon him), just as other holy books were revealed to prophets in their respective languages. Moreover, Arabic is a language that is quite rich with several variations of different words, unique inflections, concepts, etc.
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: May 6, 2008
What is the best way for a Muslim, who is interested in his religion (but is busy with university studies, and lacks teachers, or teachers who have time), to learn about his religious duties? Is it obligatory for every religious person to read many Islamic texts? Is it wrong if one likes to examine evidence/sources [p. valid rulings] closer, as this entails increased conviction and higher ambitions?
The obligation to a morally responsible Muslim is to use his efforts to learn what is obligatory for him to know, and includes: ‘aqida (statements of faith), purification, prayer, fasting, buying and selling and everything that affects him because of his profession or work, such as being a doctor. If he does not learn this, he is sinful. The purpose of making this obligatory is to make one’s worship and work valid through [p. the knowledge of] its constituents and conditions. Acquiring knowledge beyond this is a sunnah. And let it also be said that the acquisition of knowledge about the obligatory is not limited to reading a text or a book. It is possible that one will get answers to one’s questions about the obligatory knowledge, such as questions about ‘aqida or about a ruling that affects one’s personal worship or work. The best way, however, to understand the rulings is to attend knowledge-based fiqh courses regularly, taught by a qualified person.
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: May 31, 2011
Assalama-o-alaikom my question is if some parents forcefully put Quarn-e-Pak in their daughter's stomach and forcefully take half of it and marry her where her residence is, of course her parents know that she wants to marry someone else, then what is the law for this? And if the girl took half of it by pressing her hand in, what is the forgiveness for this, please forgive me.
Thank you for contacting us. There are several general prayers that can be used in connection with childbirth. Here are some examples: “Rabbi hab li milla dunka dhurriyyatan tayyibatan innaka sami ud-dua”. Translation: “My Lord, grant me a pure offspring! You are the Hearer of prayer.” (Quran 3:38)
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: August 16, 2012
The girl I'm going to marry uses her mother's name as her last name, how is this when you're going to do nikah and what is most correct, from what I've heard it's most common for children to have their father's last name, are there any exceptions here? And what's most common when a girl gets married and is going to change her last name, I've googled this a bit and it says that the girl shouldn't remove her father's last name and that this is a sin but how should I approach this when the girl doesn't use her father's last name at all? Hoping for an answer.
There is no requirement for girls, or boys, to have a surname after their father. A person’s full name can even be without a surname. In general, one can have an arbitrary name as long as it does not have a meaning that conflicts with the fundamentals of the Islamic faith.
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: March 19, 2013
Can you explain a little bit about what Sharia is? In short, what is Sharia, where in the world is Sharia practiced, and is the Sharia that is practiced as it is described from a religious standpoint (does it have any basis in the Quran)?
Sharia is the divine law. It is a set of rules that God commands humans to live by. It makes clear to us what we should do and what we should not do, and its rules are intended to protect humans from evil and to make all aspects of their lives useful and enjoyable. Sharia is an all-encompassing expression of Allah’s will for both the spiritual and social lives of humans through commandments, prohibitions, or permissions.
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: January 8, 2009
Aslam u alaikum! I am a 16 year old girl and have wondered about this question for quite some time, but never dared to ask "uncleji" (imam). I actually think it is easier to write it here on wim.no. My question is: Can you wear a necklace with aytalkursi on it in the bathroom and toilet? AND can you wear it when you are menstruating?.. A friend told me that she also wondered about it once, she also asked her Quran teacher and he replied: As long as it is not visible, it is fine. This applies to the toilet. But she did not dare to ask about menstruation either.. She said it was a bit embarrassing. Hope you can answer it! Thanks in advance!
Thank you for submitting your question. In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. May He bless His beloved Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, the best of creation. To understand the rank and nobility of the Quran, it is worth mentioning its description by the Creator Himself: “Nay, verily, this [the Quran] is a reminder, and whoever wills, let him commit it to memory, on honorable leaves, exalted and pure, by the hands of scribes, noble and pious” (Quran 80:11-16) While these verses define the etiquette for writing down the Quran, the following verse tells us about who is fit to touch it: “None shall touch it [the Quran] except the pure” (Quran 56:79) Regarding your question, the use of such a hanging ornament actually involves physical contact with the written verse of the Quran. Based on the above verses, and in order to maintain respect and reverence for the Quran, it will not be permissible to wear such a necklace during menstruation or in a state of major ritual impurity (janaba), be it a man or a woman for the latter. The same applies to wearing this necklace in the toilet, if the text of the verse is not covered. And Allah knows best. M. Azhar Approved by Imam Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: September 22, 2007
Zaid has a large number of prayers, which he makes up for five times a day. Is there any way for him to be released from this responsibility as soon as possible and avoid punishment from Allah?
Zaid has a large number of prayers, which he wants to make up as soon as possible. The easiest option according to Alahazrat Imam Ahmad Raza is: It is permissible for him in ruku and in each sujud that instead of reciting subhana rabbi yal azeem and subhana rabbi yal a’la three times, he can recite this only once. One should always remember that the recitation does not start until one has bowed completely and is in the ruku position. One should remain in this position until the last word, i.e. azeem, is said. The same applies when doing sujud. One should always remember that recitation does not start until one is in the sujud position. One should remain in this position until one has said the last word, i.e. a’la. The second abbreviation can be done in the third and fourth rakahs of fard salah, where instead of surah al-Fatiha one can say Subhan Allah three times and do ruku. It is necessary that one stands straight and says Subhan Allah before going into ruku position. This option only applies in the third and fourth rakahs of fard salah. That option does not apply in witr (wajib salah). Then one should always recite surah al-Fatiha combined with another surah at the end. The third shortening can be done in the last rakah after reciting attahiyyat or tashahhud. Instead of reciting the entire durood and dua, one can say Allahumma salli ala sayyidina Muhammad wa alihi and end the prayer. The fourth possibility is in the last rakah of witr. Instead of reciting the entire dua-e-qunoot, one can instead say rabbighfirli once or three times. (Fatwaa Razwiah, vol. 3, p. 622) And Allah knows best. Translated by Javaria T source: www.islamicacademy.org
Answered by: Javaria T
Published on: January 6, 2008
How does one perform the prayer of hardship ?
Assalamu alaikum, Thank you for your inquiry. Both the Quran and the hadith contain numerous duas, which encourage us to ask Allah for everything we need. Allah (‘Azza wa jall) hears all our prayers and answers them, as He says in the Quran: “When My servants ask Me, behold, I am near. I respond to the supplication of the supplicant when he calls upon Me. So that they may listen to Me and believe in Me, that they may be guided.” (2:186) In another verse, Allah tells us how we can call upon Him: “Call upon your Lord humbly in secret. Indeed, He does not like the transgressors.” (7:55) In the hadiths below, dua (prayer) is described as follows: “Dua is ibadah, that is, a form of worship.” (Ihya al-Uloom, Urdu, Vol. 1, p. 557, Dar-ul-Isha’at, Karachi) “Dua is the essence of ibadah.” (ibid) “Ask Allah for His favor. For Allah loves to be asked of it. The best ibadah is to wait for prosperity.” (ibid) The fulfillment of dua has its prerequisites, so that one cannot be content with making dua alone in a difficult situation or in distress. The importance of performing the prayer, fasting in Ramadan, paying alms, etc. cannot be exaggerated in this context. Reciting the Quran regularly is also one of the best ways to fill one’s heart with joy, contentment, peace of mind and peace. It is in reality a great blessing, and the best wazifa. Not least, one must be careful to refrain from evil and acquire good. In this way, one will be able to strengthen one’s prayers, so that they are accepted and answered. Below is a short treatise of a prayer called salat al-hajah, i.e. the prayer of need. A big thank you goes to sister Javaria T. who has translated it for wim.no. It is highly recommended to explore it, and insha’Allah it will be of great help, as it has been narrated from the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) himself. Abdullah ibn Abi Awfa (may Allah be pleased with him) reported: The Messenger of Allah (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him) said, “Whoever has a need from Allah or from a person, let him perform ablution properly and then pray two rak’ahs. Then let them glorify Allah and send blessings upon the Prophet (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him). Then let them say: Translation: There is no god but Allah, the Most Forbearing, the Most Generous. Glory be to Allah, the Lord of the Overwhelming Throne. All praise is for Allah, the Lord of the worlds. I ask You (Allah) for everything that leads to Your mercy, and Your overwhelming forgiveness, enrichment in all good, and freedom from all sin. Leave not any of my sins without being forgiven, and no worry except for that for which You have a solution, and no desire, which is to attain Your pleasure, without You having fulfilled it, You the Most Merciful!” [Narrated by Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah. The hadith has a minor weakness. Such hadiths are directly followed in relation to good deeds (fada’il al-a’mal) by general agreement among traditional Sunni scholars] The supplication of need is very simple: The essence of it is to present one’s need to Allah, the Most High, by performing the ritual ablution (wudu), praying two rak’ahs (or four), and then supplicating to Allah wholeheartedly. It is preferable to use the above or another similar dua transmitted from the beloved Prophet (may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon him). [Ibrahim al-Halabi, Sharh Munyat al-Musalli; al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya; Ibn Abidin, Radd al-Muhtar] The internal practice of dua involves showing our need and absolute submission to Allah, entrusting one’s matter to Allah, and knowing that the only One who can provide and benefit us is Allah the Exalted. With this, one should be sure that Allah answers our prayers, but in the way He sees best for us. When circumstances do not allow us to pray two rak’ahs, one should still make dua to Allah, presenting one’s needs to Him, for He answers our dua and loves to be prayed to. May Allah Ta’ala reward you with what is best for you both in this life and in the hereafter, ameen. And Allah knows best. Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: January 29, 2008
I need to know the detailed procedure for performing Salat-ul-Istikhara. I am a Hanafi, if that matters.
Wa alaikum assalam, The Istikhara prayer is very simple: One prays two rak’ahs whenever one wishes, but not during the time when it is not permissible to perform the prayer. Then the dua for istikhara is recited. It is best to recite it before sleeping, but it is not necessary. One should put aside one’s own opinions and perceptions about the matter and rather wait for a sign from Allah or wait for an indication of what should be done. If it is unclear, it is recommended to repeat the istikhara prayer and dua seven times. Shaykh Nuh Keller mentioned that the more times one performs the istikhara prayer, the clearer the answer will be. He prays for everything that may be important, and also for things that one did not think were necessary to do istikhara. If one comes up with situations where one does not have the opportunity to pray, one should deal with dua alone. This is something that menstruating women should also do. The great Hanafi scholar and hadith expert from Aleppo, Shaykh Abdullah Siraj al-Din, mentioned in his book regarding the virtue of prayer and which is performed by Sufis, including Shaykh al-Akbar Muhiyyuddin ibn al-Arabi (may Allah sanctify his secret), to perform the isthikhara prayer at the beginning of the day, after sunrise, so that Allah can guide them correctly throughout the day and keep them away from committing sins. We ask Allah to grant us useful knowledge and success so that our way of being is loved by Him and to follow the footsteps of His beloved Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Translated by Javaria T. source: sunnipath.com
Answered by: Javaria T
Published on: June 12, 2008
Salam I was wondering if you can combine the prayers if you don't have time to pray all of them at the right time? For example, I have trouble praying isha because sometimes I'm tired and need sleep since I have to go to work early the next day. Then I was wondering if I can pray isha at the same time as maghrib? Another question is whether isha can be done at 3 am? I heard that this can't be done after 12 noon, but as long as it's before fajir, then it should be fine. Thanks
Assalamu alaikum, Thank you for your inquiry. There is a difference of opinion among the scholars on the issue of combining prayers. According to Imam Abu Hanfia (may Allah be pleased with him), it is not permissible to pray two different prayers one after the other, unless the time for the subsequent prayer comes immediately after the first prayer is performed. His opinion is based on the following verse of the Quran: Indeed, prayer is enjoined upon the believers as an ordinance at specified times. (4:103) According to this verse, it is a prerequisite that one prays within the specified time for the prayer to be valid. The exception to this rule is during the Hajj, that is, the pilgrimage. Zuhr and Asr can be prayed together at the Zuhr time on the Day of Arafat, while Maghrib and Isha can be prayed together at the Isha time in Muzdalifah. [Kitab al-Fiqh (Urdu translation of al-Fiqh ala al-Mazahib al-Arbah), volume 1, pages 785-6, Mehkama Auqaf Punjab, Lahore] Isha time in principle extends until the time for fajr begins. It can be delayed until midnight (by midnight it is usually meant the middle of the time between sunset and sunrise, and NOT necessarily 12 o’clock), but it is not recommended to postpone it until after midnight. Especially in the summer when there are short nights, it is recommended to pray Isha as early as possible. (Imdad al-Fiqh, p. 58, Dar al-Salam Cairo) And Allah knows best. Wassalam Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: August 20, 2008
Salam, Can one read namaz with eyes closed? I feel that I concentrate better with eyes closed. jazakallah khair. U. Khalid
In principle, it is makrooh (disliked) to close your eyes during prayer. However, it is permissible according to need. For example, if there is something in front of you that may be distracting to look at (Kitab al-Fiqh, 1/437), or if it is difficult to concentrate with your eyes open [Bahar-e-Shariat according to Durr al-Mukhtar and Radd al-Muhtar, 1/245, Maktaba Alahazrat. And Allah Ta’ala knows best. Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: May 30, 2007
Many brothers send questions via e-mail regarding shaking hands with women in professional settings, saying that not doing so will harm or hinder their ability to function. Perhaps they will not be hired, promoted, or accepted into professional fields (such as the legal profession) where Muslim presence is required. I checked what some prominent traditional fuqaha [Islamic jurists], including those from Pakistan and some of my teachers in Damascus, had to say, and they are very firm in their views. However, the brothers who have asked say that such answers are based on little understanding of “Western realities.” They say that it is not possible to function in a Western professional work environment without shaking hands with women. What would you answer and advise regarding this issue, Sayyidi?
Assalamu alaykum In the name of Him who inspires truth! No, it is not permissible to shake hands with the opposite sex at all. There are many narrations from the Prophet (peace be upon him) where he never shook hands with any woman, despite his status as a prophet. All the allegiance [bay’ah] he took was either without holding hands or with a piece of cloth tied around it. He explicitly informed the women when they extended their hands to him that he did not shake hands with women. [See Muhammad Ibn Sa’d, The Women in Madina, Chapter 1: The manner in which the Messenger of Allah received women’s allegiance] Consequently, we cannot find anything to go on to change this rule. Many non-Islamic professions are prevalent in the business and commercial world. We are constantly asked whether it is permissible to sit at the same table as a client where alcohol is served; whether it is permissible to hold private meetings with women behind closed doors without a third person present, performing zuhr instead of jumu’ah if one is busy with meetings when it is time for khutbah; taking off the hijab to seek employment; shaving the beard for such reasons and so on; not to mention interest-based loans. This list is endless. So, how can a person want to be assimilated, and sell the afterlife for something that is short-lived, the life on earth. Yes, certain fatwas (legal rulings) are to be found on these matters from so-called scholars. Much of the religion has already been put at stake. We know of a mosque in a city in California where “Islamic Dating” is being promoted. Their practice is supported by seemingly convincing logical arguments that sound very attractive, but how far can one take the matter, and how much of the religion will remain if this course continues to be followed? No one has said that following religion in the 21st century is easy; whether one is in a Muslim country or in the West. Did not the Prophet (peace be upon him) say that there will come a time when a person who follows his religion will be like one holding on to a burning coal, and did he not say that this world is a prison for a believer and a paradise for a non-believer? One must remember that through perseverance and abstinence from sin [sabr ani’l-ma’siyah] there are great rewards to be earned, despite the apparent financial or similar losses one may incur in this world. The average American and Westerner [since shaking hands with a woman is a bigger issue in America and the West] is usually very understanding and attuned to other people’s religious requirements. If informed in a polite manner, they will normally act with understanding and are prepared to be more accommodating. If scholars start offering caution and tolerance for certain matters that are strictly clarified in the Shari’ah by excusing themselves that we live in modern times, how will the original rulings in these matters be renewed? Sunnah and correct customs will be lost forever and innovations will take over. Those who try to adhere to the correct rulings of the Shari’ah in these matters will feel isolated and weak. Therefore, it must be emphasized that the traditional jurists who are unable to give discretion in such matters do not do so out of narrow-mindedness or ignorance. It is only to keep the religion intact and complete. Yes, if someone in certain situations is forced to act contrary to the Sunnah, it is a personal problem where tawba [repentance] should be made. Allah will guide whoever fears Him, and He knows best. Translated by Khudija Mahmood, source: sunnipath.com
Answered by: Khudija Mahmood
Published on: June 2, 2007
I have a question about wireless internet. Would it be wrong for me to use another network without telling them? With today's wireless capabilities on laptops, you can easily connect to another wireless network (if they haven't locked it) without actually doing any significant harm to the owner. But would it still be wrong?
Waleikum assalam wa rahmtaullah, I hope that you are well and in the best of health and good spirits. May Allah grant you goodness and success in this life and the next. The legal basis for this in Shariah is that one cannot make use of another’s property without their permission. This permission can be given explicitly or implicitly. In most countries, no such implicit permission is given for strangers to use people’s private wireless networks. In fact, this is quite often against the law, and is generally perceived as unethical as studies have shown. When there is no explicit permission to use another’s property, a Muslim is religiously obligated to exercise caution, because it is another’s property and it is not permissible to use their property without explicit or clear implicit permission. [al-Bahr al-Ra’iq, 8:209 from Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi’s ‘Uyun al-Masai’l; al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 2:290 from al-Muhit; Ibn Abidin, Radd al-Muhtar, 4:285 (‘Illmiyya ed.) from Sharh al-Wahbaniyya and al-Khaniyya] The basis of this issue is the words of the Prophet of Allah (peace be upon him): “The property of a Muslim is not permissible to take without their permission” [narrated by Ahmad, and others] And Allah alone grants success. Translated by Omar T, source: sunnipath.com
Answered by: Omar T
Published on: July 11, 2007
If you were teaching a class of both female and male youth who are from Muslim backgrounds, would it have been acceptable to teach them even if one or two of them were adults and did not wear the hijab?
Walaikum assalam I hope you are in good health and in good spirits. This follows the ruling of enjoining good and forbidding evil. The essential reason for enjoining good and forbidding evil is to increase good and reduce evil. This should be done after clear thinking and careful consideration of the situation and of the possible outcomes. Until one is certain that one’s words or actions are beneficial (at least confirming the truth, even if it is not heard) and without harm, one should not act. The scholars draw this from the saying of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): “Whoever believes in Allah and the Last Day, let him say what is good or remain silent.” [Bukhari and Muslim] Imam Nawawi (may Allah be pleased with him) said; Every legally responsible person should refrain from speaking except when there is a clear benefit from speaking. When speaking and not speaking are equally beneficial, it is Sunnah to remain silent, because permissible speech easily leads to what is unlawful and provocative, which in fact happens most of the time, and it is no substitute for safety. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Whoever believes in Allaah and the Last Day, let him speak what is good or remain silent.” This Hadeeth, whose authenticity is agreed upon by Bukhari and Muslim, is an explicit legal text indicating that a person should not speak if what he is going to say is not good, i.e. its benefit is clear and evident to him. When there is doubt as to the benefit of speaking, one should not say anything at all. Imam Shafi (may Allah be pleased with him) said: “One should first think about the matter, and if one is benefited by speaking, one should speak, but if one doubts, one should remain silent until the benefit becomes clear. [Nawawi, al-Adhkar as translated by Shaykh Nuh Keller, Reliance of the Traveller, r.1.1] The Most Important of the Rules Enjoining Good and Forbidding Evil Enjoining good and forbidding evil is one of the most important Islamic duties. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) warned us, “Enjoin good and forbid evil or Allah will make the worst of you rule over the best of you, and the best of you will displace Allah and be left in uncertainty.” Scholars believe that enjoining good and forbidding evil is obligatory if one believes that the person will listen. However, if one believes that the person will not listen, it is recommended. However, if greater harm or a worsening of the situation is feared, it is better (even obligatory in some cases) not to speak. something, because one lawfully chooses the lesser of two evils. It would be obligatory, however, to hate evil in one’s heart. With this, if it is going on in one’s presence (something like listening to unlawful speech) it would be obligatory to leave if stopping (for example, discreetly changing the subject) the conversation is not possible. Likewise, if a sister is not covered properly, one cannot allow oneself to look at her hair or limbs. Likewise, if a brother is wearing very tight trousers, one cannot look at the (very tight) area between the navel and the knees. Sayyidi Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (may Allah be pleased with him) warns that the general prophetic in enjoining good and forbidding evil is to do so in a discreet, non-specific manner, in order to spare the honor and feelings of the wrongdoer as much as possible. [from Sharh al-Tariqa al-Muhammadiyya, Sayyidi Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi; Radd al-Muhtar, Allama Ibn Abidin; al-Hadhr wa’l Ibaha, Shaykh Khalil al-Nahlawi] Waleikum assalam Translated by Azim Qureshi, source: sunnipath.com
Answered by: Azim Qureshi.
Published on: August 20, 2007
Assalamu alaikum. I would like to know if it is permissible to go to the cinema? Lisa
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful! Going to the cinema cannot be without things that are disliked or simply forbidden in Islam, including: – looking at naked or semi-naked pictures of women and/or men – erotic and/or sexual scenes – music, which according to most scholars is haram to listen to These are things that are a common denominator for all cinemas. Therefore, it is impossible to find a cinema that does not show films that contain this type of morally destructive things. From this it is clear and obvious that going to the cinema is hardly forbidden in itself. One can go to the cinema to watch a film that has a good message and sensible teachings. The prerequisite is that it is free from all that is unlawful. Since this is almost completely impossible, it is usually concluded that it is not permissible to go to the cinema. For it is a general rule in Islam that in addition to something being forbidden, everything that can lead to the forbidden is also forbidden or discouraged. So that one has the least possible risk of ending up in the forbidden. It is not that one has no leisure activities in Islam, or that one should not have fun. Islam is for sensible games and leisure activities that serve one’s physical health and/or common sense, and is against everything to the contrary. And Allah knows best. Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: May 12, 2007
What does Islam say about interest and loans?
“O you who believe, fear God and forgive usury, if you are believers. If you do not, then war has been declared upon you from God and His Messenger. But if you turn back, then you may keep your original capital. Do not wrong, and you shall not be wronged. If anyone is in difficulty, then give respite until things improve. But to forgive as a gift is best for you, if you but knew.” [2:278-80]
Answered by: Azhar M
Published on: May 30, 2007
Many brothers send questions via e-mail regarding shaking hands with women in professional settings, saying that not doing so will harm or hinder their ability to function. Perhaps they will not be hired, promoted, or accepted into professional fields (such as the legal profession) where Muslim presence is required. I checked what some prominent traditional fuqaha [Islamic jurists], including those from Pakistan and some of my teachers in Damascus, had to say, and they are very firm in their views. However, the brothers who have asked say that such answers are based on little understanding of “Western realities.” They say that it is not possible to function in a Western professional work environment without shaking hands with women. What would you answer and advise regarding this issue, Sayyidi?
No, it is not permissible to shake hands with the opposite sex at all. There are many narrations from the Prophet (peace be upon him) where he never shook hands with any woman, despite his status as a prophet. All the allegiance [bay’ah] he took was either without holding hands or with a piece of cloth tied around it. He explicitly informed the women when they extended their hands to him that he did not shake hands with women. [See Muhammad Ibn Sa’d, The Women in Madina, Chapter 1: The manner in which the Messenger of Allah received women’s allegiance]
Answered by: Khudija Mahmood
Published on: November 19, 2010
Salam How is it when it comes to women traveling without a mahram. Then I'm thinking of all types of travel destinations. Examples without a mahram: -Traveling by plane -Traveling to the hajj -Traveling to school/studies -Traveling to work -Traveling to training -Traveling to the city center for shopping -Traveling by car (driving yourself) -Traveling with a male taxi driver Hope insha Allah I get an answer?
Thank you for your inquiry. It is not permissible for a woman to undertake a journey of approximately 98 km or more without a mehram regardless of the means of travel (car, bus, train, plane, boat, etc.).
Answered by: Najeeb Naz
Published on: December 9, 2010
Travel without a mehram: Can you please point out where it is mentioned that a woman cannot travel further than 98 km without a mehram?? (Travel without a mahram)
Thank you for your inquiry. I would like to state that the issue of traveling without a mahram for women is stated in all books of fiqh. The basis for the ruling, as stated in the previous answer, is several hadiths.
Answered by: Najeeb Naz
Published on: May 24, 2011
Salam, I'm wondering if I can get a detailed answer regarding a problem. If you are very sick and have to take an X-ray to check your lungs, you have to undress. And it's not always that the healthcare personnel are of the same gender...especially for women. It becomes very uncomfortable, embarrassing, and not least you get a bad conscience for having undressed in front of a man 🙁 What does Islam say about this problem? It is often very difficult to "order" a female healthcare professional if you are going to take an X-ray or mammogram examination because you don't know who is on duty at that time. I know that if it is a life-threatening situation then Islam is flexible about that, but I would like an answer to this anyway. I hope for a quick answer. May Allah swt reward you for this.
Thank you for your inquiry. It is a fact that women from different religious and cultural backgrounds prefer female healthcare professionals in connection with such examinations.
Answered by: Imam Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: August 8, 2011
Aslam-o-Alikum I was wondering how it is with girls (over 14 years and +++++) and jobs? I have heard that girls/ladies should preferably be at home (within 4 walls). Abroad, both have to work to make ends meet. I work at a pharmacy and have contact with patients/customers who are both women and men (non-mehram). I wear a hijab at work. Is it legal to work in such a profession? How strict is it? What about working as a nursing assistant/nurse? Thank you very much for taking the time to answer our questions. Allah haffiz
Thank you for your inquiry. The general stance of Islam regarding the mixing of women and men is that it is discouraged. However, there are exceptions according to need and circumstances. Since the time of the Prophet (peace be upon him), women have always been active in society.
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: March 15, 2012
Salam. I was wondering if it is permissible for women who are menstruating to read the Quran online? That is, to read with a PC in front of you?
Thank you for your inquiry. Menstruating women are not allowed to recite from the Quran, regardless of whether the medium is a book, the internet, memory, or something else.
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: June 4, 2012
Assalam-a-lekum! In the Quran there is a surah called Al-Nisa. I want to change my name and I wonder if it is correct to change it to Al-Nisa?
Thank you for your inquiry. Nisa (indefinite form) or al-Nisa (definite form) means women. That means it is not a name as such. It is written in Urdu like this: نساء اور النساء
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: October 17, 2007
Can you have sex with your wife after her period has ended, but before she has taken a shower? What if her period ends a few days earlier than normal. What then? Thank you.
All praise belongs to Allah, the Almighty. Peace and blessings be upon Prophet Muhammad, the last of the prophets, and may God be pleased with all the followers of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and his progeny. Thank you for submitting your question. Regarding intercourse after menstruation, it is important to consider the following: If menstruation ends after ten days, which is the maximum menstrual period, then there is no problem in having intercourse with one’s wife before she has performed ghusl (shower/bath).
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: October 6, 2008
salam o'alaikom Sometimes when I finish praying when I check below I find some mist like deposit on the tip of my private part, do I have to do wudu again and do the salat again or should I just do wudu for the new salat. Jazakom Allahwakhair
Thank you for your inquiry. Since this happens irregularly as you describe in your inquiry, there are two scenarios: 1. That it happens before or during salah 2. Or after salah
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: October 29, 2008
salam o3alaikom I have a question about ghusl, I know that you should start with wudu first, then ghusl comes. but when I do ghusl and I have gas in my stomach and I let it out, do I have to do wudu and ghusl again or should I finish ghusl and just do wudu again. Then I have another question. every time I wake up I find something in my underwear but I'm not sure if it's Mani, Madhi or Wadi so it always ends up with me doing ghusl, and sometimes I find it quite tiring. I apologize for the way I've written it, but I hope dear brothers that you can answer me on this. wasalam o3alaikom
Thank you for submitting your question. Wudu before ghusl is not necessary, but rather a sunnah. One does not need to repeat wudu after ghusl, regardless of whether one has performed wudu before ghusl or not, unless one has done something that invalidates wudu. In other words, ghusl is valid even if one has not performed wudu before it, or if one releases air from one’s stomach during ghusl.
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: November 10, 2008
Hi, I have a question regarding sexual intercourse within Islam. I am wondering if as a girl I have to make myself clean (pak/tahir) in the same way after sexual intercourse as after menstruation? or is there a difference, or is there something else I also have to do in addition? Another thing I was wondering was, do I need to become clean (pak/tahir) after intimate activity in the genitals, but without sexual intercourse taking place? [The italics are an adapted rewording of the original text]
Thank you for your inquiry. Ghusl is obligatory if one or more of the following conditions are present: Ejaculation that occurs only due to shahwah (sexual desire), and not for any other reason. This applies both in the form of a “wet dream” or in a waking state. There is no distinction between men and women here.
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: December 11, 2008
What is the quickest way to perform ghusl while fulfilling all the requirements related to purification? I am talking about ghusl which is required for intercourse, menstruation, etc. Thank you
Ghusl (ritual shower) becomes obligatory on three occasions: After sexual intercourse, whether it leads to ejaculation/orgasm or not. After ejaculation/orgasm that occurs due to sexual desire. At the end of menstruation and postpartum period.
Answered by: Mohammad Juned
Published on: December 16, 2008
Why do we have to trim our pubic and armpit hair? Do we have to continue to do so?
Al-Salam `alaykum, The hair in the lower abdomen and below the elbows should be removed. It is disliked to let it grow until it becomes long. It is recommended to do this on a weekly basis, ideally on Fridays (before the Friday prayer). Extending this to at least once every 15 days is not disliked, but beyond this is blameworthy, and later than 40 days is sinful. (Tahtawi, Hashiyat al-Tahtawi ‘ala al-Maraqi al-Falah)
Answered by: M. Azhar
Published on: August 2, 2011
Salam. I work in Sogn&Fjordane. Should I follow Oslo? The days here are extremely long in August. Is there any disp. that I can follow Saudi A?
Thank you for your inquiry. We recommend that you follow local times for both prayers and fasting to the extent possible. If the area you are in (Sogn og Fjordane) is not significantly different from Oslo in terms of sunrise and sunset, you must fast according to local dawn and sunset.
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: August 23, 2012
Hi. I was fasting but broke it when my wife and I started having fun. I have heard of kaffara but what is it?
Thank you for your inquiry. The answer depends on what you mean by ‘cozy’. If you have broken your fast through sexual intercourse, you must both make it up (make qada) after Ramadan and make amends for it, i.e. kaffarah. Kaffarah is fasting for two consecutive months. If you fail to fast for one day during these two months, you must start over again.
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: September 1, 2011
Salam o alaikum warehmatollah. In Maraqi `l Sa`adat by Abu`l Ikhlas al Shurunbulali it says the following about breastfeeding and fasting: "A pregnant women or nursing woman, with the condition for each that she have a legitimate fear (note 1) for the baby or for herself is exempted from fasting in Ramadan" Note 1: For the sick person, pregnant woman, and nursing woman, the condition for permissibility of breaking the fast is not simply a delusion of potential harm, but rather a legitimate fear, recognized by the Sacred Law. This entails either (1) past experience, even if of someone else with the same illness (2) an obvious sign of potential harm, or (3) an opinion of a qualified Muslim physician who does not sin in public. The same would apply for a healthy person who has a legitimate fear, based on one of the above indications of becoming ill (Tahtawi2: 355, Durr 2: 116). Ibn Abideen adds that if one were to break the fast without one of the above indications, then he would have to perform expiation while most people are unfortunately completely unaware of this ruling (Radd: 2:116) In Imam Nawawi's book al – Maqasid it is simply stated: Breast-feeding women who apprehend harm to herself can omit fasting. We do not have the opportunity to ask a qualified Muslim doctor who is knowledgeable in Sharia. We have asked previously, and it does not seem that the person concerned cares at all about Sharia rules and would prefer that one not fast at all.
Thank you for your inquiry. Mashallah, you have gone into this matter thoroughly and included some of the most important references in this issue. I believe the answer lies in your question.
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: September 18, 2007
Salaam ale kum. We are some girls who have been discussing a bit about what is permissible and not permissible while fasting. But there was one thing that we could not find an answer to. Is it permissible to kiss when fasting?
Thank you for contacting us! Kissing who? I assume you mean your spouse. Yes, it is permissible to kiss your spouse while fasting provided that you have control over yourself and your emotions, so that it does not lead to sexual intercourse or something that invalidates the fast.
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: September 20, 2007
What is the main reason why we fast? Siddique
All praise belongs to Allah, the Almighty. Peace and blessings be upon Prophet Muhammad, the last of the prophets, and may God be pleased with all the followers of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and his progeny. Thank you for your question. That was a big question in a short sentence. Below, insha’Allah, we will try to understand why we fast. And Allah alone grants success. Fasting is one of the five pillars of Islam. This speaks volumes about its importance and central place in Islam. The commandment to fast is stated in the Quran in the following words:
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: September 29, 2007
Aslama_o_ ALikum I am wondering if it is permissible to wear lenses while fasting. It is like contact lenses, you have to wear them in your eyes to see better. I was really wondering about this so please answer me quickly. Thanks in advance
All praise belongs to Allah, the Almighty. Peace and blessings be upon Prophet Muhammad, the last of the prophets, and may God be pleased with all the followers of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and his progeny. Thank you for submitting your question.
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rehman Naz
Published on: February 25, 2010
Tawaf-e-Wida and Wudu
Wudu is necessary (wajib) to perform tawaf. Tawaf-e-wida is also wajib in hajj. If you have performed tawaf-e-wida without wudu (as your email suggests), it means that you have missed a wajib in hajj. When this happens, it must be replaced with a dam (sacrifice a goat, a sheep, etc.).
Answered by: najeeb Naz
Published on: May 24, 2007
I am impatient and waiting to perform Umrah.
I am a 19 year old girl, and compared to many others still very young. For two years now I have been waiting to go to Saudi Arabia and wanted to perform Umrah. But I have not been able to do so. I was born Muslim and follow Islam from the heart. However, I am currently a practicing Muslim and have been performing the prayer (namaz/salah) every day for two years now. I started wearing the hijab a year ago.
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: August 9, 2010
Salam. I am wondering if it is permissible in Islam to have intercourse with one's wife while on hajj? and possibly when it is permissible?
Thank you for your inquiry. It is not permissible to have sexual intercourse during Hajj from the time one assumes ihram until one has performed tawaf ziyarat (also called tawaf ifadah). One assumes ihram for Hajj usually on the 8th.
Answered by: najeeb Naz
Published on: August 23, 2012
Hi, I'm wondering who can pay for an umrah/hajj trip? Can I, as a daughter, give an umrah trip as a gift to my parents even if they can afford to pay for it themselves and they have an adult son who could also do it. Thank you very much for the work you do.?
You are doing yourself a great favor by paying for your parents’ Umrah. This will, insha’Allah, ensure you a lot of reward and blessings. This is regardless of whether they themselves can afford to do this – or whether there are other people who can also pay for them.
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: August 29, 2012
1. What about a pilgrim who is unable to stay overnight in Mina due to no tents. Is there any restriction that everyone must stay there until Salat-e-Fajar before heading to Arafat and if a person does not do this then Hajj will not be complete? 2. What about transportation from Mina to Arafat. If the bus time to Arafat is after Maghrib Salaat, or late in the evening and on the night of 8 Dhul Hajj (before Salaat Fajar)?
1) Staying overnight in Mina is Sunnah. If for some reason one is unable to stay overnight there, it will not have any consequence on the validity of the Hajj. However, it is an act that is against the Sunnah. 2) It is obligatory to stay on the plain of Arafat (wuquf Arafat) for a while between the time when the sun begins to leave the zenith (its highest point in the sky) on the 9th of Dhul-Hajj and before the time of Fajr on the 10th of Dhul-Hajj occurs.
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: October 30, 2012
What is Takbir al-Tashreeq and when is it recited?
Takbir al-Tashriq is a practice that has been handed down from the previous generations of Muslims with reference to Sayyiduna ‘Ali and Ibn Mas’ud (may Allah be pleased with them) in the collection of Ibn Abi Shayba [Ibn al-Humam, Fath al-Qadir]. This is therefore a practice that has its roots from the companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and is therefore considered authentic and meritorious.
Answered by: najeeb Naz
Published on: June 24, 2007
Is the Prophet, peace be upon him, a healer of diseases? I came across a way of sending blessings (salaam) to the Prophet, peace be upon him, which describes him as a “healer of diseases and medicine for hearts.” Is it permissible to portray the Prophet, peace be upon him, as a “healer of diseases”? And is this way of sending blessings different from that in Salat al-Tibbiyya?
Know that the school of Ahl al-Sunnah takes the position that it is obligatory to attribute all actions to Allah the Exalted. The Quran is clear about this when it says: “Allah is the Creator of all things” (39:62). “And Allah created you and what you do” (37:96). “Say everything is from Allah” (4:78).
Answered by: Khurram Khan
Published on: September 28, 2007
I need guidance and advice regarding protection against human black magic and evil jinn. I have been having problems for a while now. Where can I get guidance and advice?
Black magic (sihr) is something that definitely exists and causes harm to people. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) was also affected by black magic. A Jew named Labid ibn Asim who outwardly pretended to be a believer (munafiq, hypocrite) performed black magic on the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him).
Answered by: Khudija Mahmood
Published on: June 20, 2008
What are jinn, and what do they mean in daily life?
Allah mentions the jinn in the following way in the Quran: “We created the jinn before from blazing fire.” (15:27) The jinn are also part of Allah’s creation, and will, just like humans, have to answer for their actions on the Day of Judgment.
Answered by: M Azhar
Published on: October 6, 2008
Salamoalaikom I was wondering that when we read la ilaha illallaho Muhammad darsololla and when we read Muhammad darasolollah then why do we kiss our eyes. Salamoalaikom
Thank you for your inquiry. Kissing the thumbs and rubbing them over the eyes after hearing “ash’hadu anna Muhammadar-rasul Allah” in the adhan is an action characterized as mustahabb by many scholars.
Answered by: Najeeb-ur-Rahman Naz
Published on: November 28, 2008
What does Islam have to do with "Healing"?
Thank you for your inquiry. The term healing encompasses many different methods, but I assume you mean different forms of alternative medicine or that which falls outside of regular medical practice.
Answered by: Noman Ahmed
Published on: December 9, 2008
According to some, the Prophet (peace be upon him) is present everywhere, as well as omnipresent like Allah, while other schools say that this is not the case. Can you clarify for me the TRUE ISLAMIC position on this matter based on traditional Islam? I have recently read some articles that explain that, yes, the Prophet (peace be upon him) is hazir and nazir because he receives darood from the angels and possesses the power to receive salaam from everyone in the entire world, which makes him hazir and nazir, meaning everywhere and at all times...
This debate is foreign to me. Authentic hadiths confirm that Allah makes the Prophet (peace be upon him) acquainted with the deeds of his people. Thus, it is “as if” he is present, through his knowledge of the actions of his people.
Answered by: M. Azhar
Published on: April 26, 2009
Salaam aleekum. I have a small question. What is sadqa and how does one give sadqa?
Thank you for your inquiry. The term sadaqah (plural sadaqat) means “voluntary charity”. Anything given with the intention of reward (ajr or sawab) from Allah is sadaqah. It can be given to the needy, whether they are relatives, friends or other people in the community.
Answered by: Najeeb Naz
Published on: September 8, 2009
Aslama o ALikum I am wondering, how much fitrana should I pay to the mosque, how much per person? I am also wondering how much a person should pay zakaat, if one has gold worth around 40 thousand kroner. That is about 150 grams of gold is about 17 tolles. I would like you to answer me as soon as possible. to my email. thank you Allah hafiz
Thank you for your inquiry. The minimum amount for fitrana or sadaqah al-fitr is this year (2009) approximately 30 kroner per person (based on the price of approximately 2 kilos of flour), and the maximum is 150 kroner (based on approximately 4 kilos of dates). One can choose to give fitrana according to one of these two.
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: February 16, 2010
AA, If we want to pay zakat, what is most important first? We also have a debt where we pay interest that we cannot get rid of, something we want to finish as soon as possible because the debt is constantly growing. What should we do, pay zakat first or pay off the loan we have? Hope to get a quick answer...
Thank you for your inquiry. Giving the obligatory alms (zakah or zakat) is obligatory on every Muslim who possesses the nisab for a whole year. The nisab for zakah is, among other things, approximately 87.48 grams of gold, 612.36 grams of silver, or cash equivalent to the value of 612.36 silver if one has neither gold nor silver.
Answered by: Najeeb Naz
Published on: March 1, 2010
Assalamo alaikom! I refer to a previous question (Is it permissible to donate haram items?) where it was answered that everything that is haram to own and use is haram to donate. Does this also apply to interest? Jazakallah khair
In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Merciful. Thank you for your inquiry. There is a general rule that applies to all forbidden assets and illegal income. These cannot be donated. By donation here is meant giving something away as sadaqa. That is, giving something away with the intention of receiving reward for it from Allah.
Answered by: Najeeb Naz
Published on: January 10, 2011
Hi Every year at the end of the year you get written interest from the bank on money you have in your savings account. I know that receiving/giving interest is illegal in Islam, except in special cases. I plan to give this interest to charity or donate it to a mosque anyway. Can you get ajr for that?
Thank you for your inquiry. It is not correct to give this money to a mosque. However, it can be used for other charitable purposes, but without the intention of sadqa/sawab.
Answered by: Najeeb Naz
Published on: February 5, 2012
Hi, everyone in Norway is taxed, tax deducted from our salary. This money is given to something good in society. The Norwegian state collects the amount from every citizen in Norway, can we call this zakaht,? And why not when this money goes to roads, schools, medicines, aid abroad, etc. The money goes not only to Norwegians, but to more Muslims who use the roads, education, medicine, etc.
In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Ever-Merciful. Thank you for your inquiry. There is a difference between the state tax and zakah (or zakat).
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: April 20, 2016
Hi, I got married civilly to a Muslim girl. She wants us to have our marriage blessed in a mosque. How do we proceed?
We do not have any type of blessing rituals in the mosque. If the nikkah/wedding ceremony is performed correctly, it is in itself a blessing. Otherwise, the nikah must be performed again.
Answered by: najeeb Naz
Published on: April 20, 2016
It so happens that I and the man I want to marry have found out that we both really want to make the relationship Halel, my questions are therefore as follows: - Can we get married without witnesses who know us, e.g. Can we ask someone in a mosque to be witnesses? Where can we get married so that we are not publicly registered as man and woman, but that it is "approved" between us and God? Where can I find Imams I can talk to about this and who are also liberal? Imams who can marry us, he is Christian. (I was born and raised in Norway and am not such a "strict" Muslim.) [question is shortened]
The crucial point in this discussion is that it is not permissible for a Muslim woman to marry a non-Muslim. All other questions are therefore irrelevant. The husband’s Islam/conversion to Islam is critical for a valid nikah.
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: April 20, 2016
Assalamo Aleikom. I have wondered about a question for a very long time, and I hope today that you can help me answer it. I don't really know where to start, but I will address the matter of being married off against my will at the age of 16. I was so young then, and perhaps didn't know much about Islam. Before I was married off, I fell in love with another person (Muslim) just like myself, I know that this is not good according to Islam, but I don't know how I ended up in this,
It is always sad to hear about forced marriages – especially because it is completely contrary to what Sharia teaches us. No marriage can be valid if both parties do not consent and accept it. May Allah guide us to the right path, and give us the strength to practice our religion according to His will and not based on our desires and cultural traditions.
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: April 20, 2016
....we have been talking about getting engaged for a long time. The problem is that I don't want my parents to know this. They accept that we are together, but they would never have anything more to do with me if I had told them that we were getting engaged. I don't want to tell my parents that we are getting engaged, even if they don't accept everything, I don't want to lose them either - which I do if I tell them this. We are not going to get married yet, but just get engaged. Do I have to bring my father as a witness, or can we take someone from the boy's family? I have read so many different things, in some places it is said that you only need two witnesses (this can be anyone) and that you do it in the mosque with an Imam present. What is correct?
An engagement also does not require the couple to marry later. However, if you still want to have a gathering of relatives and/or acquaintances where you declare each other engaged, this can be done without your parents being present. However, it is strongly recommended that they know about this important choice of yours before you proceed. No one else will benefit from it but yourself. You also do not have to do this in a mosque or in front of an imam.
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: April 20, 2016
hi. I am a muslim girl who wants to marry a boy who converted to Islam. I am very proud of him he is very devout, prays and does what all muslims should do. We love each other and we tried to talk to my father because we want to get married. But I am not allowed just because we have different nationality. My father says if I choose him then I can forget my family. I will try again to talk to my father. Can he refuse us to get married? Can we get married in the mosque in Oslo without my father's permission? ..... (The question is shortened a bit)
You can get married without your parents’ consent, although it is strongly recommended that they be included in this important decision in your life. Parents are highly respected in Islam, and their rights and well-being should be given high priority. Therefore, it is important for us to do our best to serve them and make them happy. You can read more about this here: Marriage without Parents’ Consent
Answered by: Najeeb ur Rehman Naz
Published on: September 22, 2016
In case of second talaq, one can only do ruju. Or is a new nikah required? Is a new nikah required at all, after the 1st or 2nd?
If the husband pronounces one or two verbal talaqs (divorces) (sarih) then it will be considered as talaq-raj’i. With such a divorce, the spouses can do ruju (return) without a new nikah (marriage contract). But ruju must take place before the expiry of the iddat period. After that, a new nikah is required.
Answered by: Mohammad Inaam ul Haq
